Which of the following dementia causes should be assessed and treated as reversible?

The identification of reversible causes of dementia is crucial in the management of patients exhibiting cognitive decline. The selection highlighting normal pressure hydrocephalus, depression, hypothyroidism, and vitamin B12 deficiency encompasses conditions that are known to potentially contribute to dementia-like symptoms and, importantly, can often be treated or managed effectively.

Normal pressure hydrocephalus is characterized by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid that can lead to gait disturbances, urinary incontinence, and cognitive decline. It is often treatable via the placement of a shunt to drain excess fluid.

Depression can present with cognitive impairment that mimics dementia, often referred to as pseudodementia. Treatment of the underlying depressive disorder can result in significant cognitive recovery.

Hypothyroidism can also lead to cognitive impairment, and appropriate thyroid hormone replacement can restore cognitive function.

Vitamin B12 deficiency is another reversible cause of dementia that can lead to neurological impairments and cognitive decline. Supplementation can reverse these symptoms provided that the deficiency is addressed promptly.

In contrast, conditions such as frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and Lewy body dementia are generally considered neurodegenerative processes that currently have no cure. While some symptoms may be managed temporarily with medications, the underlying progression of