Which condition requires surgical intervention when pituitary adenomas secrete hormones other than prolactin?

Surgical intervention is often required for acromegaly, a condition caused by excess growth hormone usually stemming from a pituitary adenoma. In acromegaly, the overproduction of growth hormone leads to significant physical changes and potential complications, such as cardiovascular issues, diabetes, and even increased mortality if not adequately managed. The primary treatment for most patients with acromegaly involves the surgical resection of the tumor producing the excess hormone. This surgical approach not only helps alleviate symptoms but can also normalize growth hormone levels and reduce tumor size.

In contrast, other conditions listed do not typically require surgical intervention as a first-line treatment. For example, Cushing's disease can sometimes be treated with medical therapies or radiation if surgery is not feasible. Growth hormone deficiency is generally managed through hormone replacement rather than surgical means. Hyperprolactinemia is often treated with medications like dopamine agonists, making surgery unnecessary in the majority of cases. Therefore, the need for surgical intervention is specifically highlighted in cases of acromegaly due to the nature of the condition's management and its associated complications.