What is the primary symptom associated with hyponatremia?

The primary symptom associated with hyponatremia, particularly when sodium levels fall significantly, is confusion. Hyponatremia refers to a lower than normal concentration of sodium in the blood, which can disrupt the brain's normal function. Sodium plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance and transmitting nerve impulses. When sodium levels are low, it can lead to cerebral edema and result in neurological symptoms, the most common of which is confusion or altered mental status.

As the condition progresses or if sodium levels drop very low, other neurological symptoms, including seizures, weakness, or hyper-excitation may occur. However, confusion is often the first and most reliable sign that clinicians notice, especially in mildly to moderately symptomatic cases. Recognition and prompt correction of the sodium levels are critical in managing patients with hyponatremia to prevent severe consequences such as seizures or coma.