What is the primary association of small cell lung cancer?

Small cell lung cancer is primarily associated with smoking, which is the most significant risk factor for the disease. About 85-90% of small cell lung cancer cases occur in smokers, and the incidence of this cancer type rises with the amount and duration of smoking. This strong association is attributable to the carcinogenic substances found in tobacco smoke, which lead to genetic mutations and other biological changes that promote the development of small cell lung cancer and its aggressive behavior.

The other options do not accurately represent small cell lung cancer characteristics. For example, small cell lung cancer is known for its high metastatic potential, often spreading early to distant sites, which distinguishes it from other types of lung cancer that may have lower rates of metastasis. Additionally, small cell lung cancer typically does not present with cavitary lesions; instead, it is more likely to manifest as a solid mass or infiltrative disease on imaging studies. Lastly, small cell lung cancer is characterized by a rapid growth rate, leading to quick progression and a poorer prognosis compared to many other lung cancer types that tend to grow more slowly.