What are the two types of hiatal hernias?

Hiatal hernias are classified into two main types: sliding and paraesophageal. A sliding hiatal hernia occurs when the gastroesophageal junction and part of the stomach slide up through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity. This type is the most common and is often associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), as the normal antireflux mechanism of the diaphragm is compromised.

In contrast, a paraesophageal hiatal hernia is characterized by the stomach pushing through the diaphragm next to the esophagus, while the gastroesophageal junction remains in its normal position. This type can lead to more serious complications, such as incarceration and strangulation of the stomach, since this portion of the stomach can become trapped in the thorax.

Understanding these types is crucial for the diagnosis and management of associated symptoms and potential complications, as treatment strategies differ based on the type of hernia present. The other options represent classifications of different medical conditions and are not relevant to the classification of hiatal hernias.