What are the two most common complications leading to chronic kidney disease?

Diabetes and hypertension are the two most common complications leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Both conditions significantly impact kidney function over time and are often interconnected.

Diabetes, particularly type 2, can cause damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to diabetic nephropathy. This condition progresses slowly, resulting in reduced kidney function and ultimately CKD. Managing blood glucose levels is crucial to prevent or slow the progression of kidney damage.

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is another major risk factor for CKD. It exerts excessive pressure on the renal blood vessels, leading to arterial damage and a reduction in the kidneys' ability to filter waste and fluids effectively. Similarly to diabetes, better control of blood pressure can help protect kidney function.

In contrast, while heart disease and obesity can contribute to the development of CKD or exacerbate existing kidney conditions, they are not direct primary causes like diabetes and hypertension. Liver failure and infection, as well as respiratory diseases and stroke, do not have the same direct impact on kidney function and are therefore less relevant in the context of chronic kidney disease.