What are the main aspects of treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (A flutter)?

The main aspects of treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (A flutter) focus on managing the heart rhythm, controlling the heart rate, and minimizing the risk of stroke through thromboembolism prevention.

Rate control involves using medications to slow down the heart rate and is particularly important in patients who are symptomatic or have rapid ventricular rates. Common medications include beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin.

Rhythm control focuses on restoring normal sinus rhythm, which may be achieved through pharmacological agents like antiarrhythmics or through cardioversion, either electrical or pharmacological. In some cases, catheter ablation may be performed to modify the conduction pathways contributing to the arrhythmia.

Prevention of thromboembolism is critical due to the increased risk of stroke associated with AF and A flutter. Anticoagulation therapy, such as warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), is employed based on risk assessment using tools like the CHA2DS2-VASc score, which evaluates stroke risk.

The other options do not encompass the comprehensive approach needed for managing these conditions. While cardioversion and defibrillation are relevant interventions for treating acute episodes, they do not cover