Asthma is characterized by which of the following conditions?

Asthma is primarily characterized by episodic respiratory symptoms and airflow obstruction. This chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways leads to hyperresponsiveness and narrowing of the airways, resulting in symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. These symptoms tend to occur intermittently, often in response to various triggers like allergens, exercise, or respiratory infections.

The episodic nature of asthma distinguishes it from other respiratory conditions. For instance, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) usually presents with fixed airflow limitation and progressive deterioration in lung function, which is not characteristic of asthma. In asthma, airflow obstruction is often reversible with bronchodilator medications, demonstrating the transient nature of the airway narrowing during asthma exacerbations.

Understanding that asthma is fundamentally about both episodic symptoms and reversible airflow obstruction is crucial for diagnosis and treatment strategies, influencing the use of rescue inhalers and maintenance therapies.